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“Painting techniques in the history of Iran have undergone significant developments from ancient times to the contemporary era. Among the notable techniques are ‘gouache,’ ‘miniature,’ ‘glass painting,’ ‘leather painting,’ and ‘carpet painting.’ In ancient times, mural paintings in ancient cities like Susa and Persepolis were created using natural colors and methods such as mural and tile work.

During the Islamic period, painting techniques like miniatures were abundantly used in religious and literary books. In the Safavid era, gouache painting and other mural and leather painting techniques gained attention. Glass and leather painting also constituted common artistic techniques in Iran.

In the modern era, influenced by European art, various techniques such as oil painting, acrylics, and digital methods have been employed in Iranian painting. These techniques have evolved in line with their culture and time, allowing Iranian artists to creatively utilize them for the advancement of the art of painting.

However, the examination of painting techniques in Iranian history requires a more comprehensive investigation. These techniques have been manifested through various artistic mediums such as mural painting, miniature art, glass painting, leather painting, kilim weaving, carpet making, and even painting on various fabrics like clothing and decorative textiles.

Throughout different periods, the use of natural colors and different materials has been significant. For instance, in ancient times, natural colors like earth and plants were used for painting, while in later periods, such as Islamic and Safavid eras, other colors like oil and water-based pigments were employed.

Since the onset of more modern experiences in visual arts, Iranian artists have also utilized various techniques such as oil painting, acrylics, and digital methods to create their artistic works. By integrating these techniques with Iranian traditions and culture, contemporary Iranian artists have produced distinct and inspirational works.

It’s important to note that painting techniques, as part of art, have consistently evolved and changed over time. Iranian artists have continuously endeavored to improve painting techniques throughout history by combining tradition and innovation, thus contributing to the development of painting as an art form.”